Since federalism was introduced as an aspect of Canadian political identity, the country has undergone multiple changes in its functioning; in other words, over the decades, federal and provincial governments have not always acted in the same way as they do today. Canada, for example, once experienced quasi-federalism, where the provinces were subordinate to Ottawa. We currently live in the era of what is called “collaborative federalism.” Essentially, as the title suggests, this involves the federal and provincial levels of government working more closely together to adopt and make policy changes. Unfortunately, this era of collaborative federalism may come to an end sooner or later: over the past two decades, the federal and provincial governments have been known to bicker over any policy changes in sectors such as health, environment and financial matters. In general, one might assume that in a regime involving collaborative federalism, there would be some degree of collaboration. Lately, it seems that the only time policy changes can take place is for the federal government to work unilaterally. One area where collaborative federalism has been non-existent and unilateral federalism has prevailed and had a positive impact on policy changes is in the post-secondary education (PSE) sector. As Bakvis writes, “the transformation of the Canadian university system…occurred largely through the efforts of the federal government alone” (Bakvis 205). There are a few key anomalies in this statement, one being relevant to CA 1867. When examining the constitution, under sections 91 and 92, anyone even remotely familiar with Canadian politics would know that these two articles describe what... ... middle of document ......210).In conclusion, at present, Canadians are seeing that changes in post-secondary education funding policies are beginning to come from provinces. Because "when Ottawa went against the grain and launched the millennium scholarship programs, the feathers of the provinces, particularly those of Quebec, were immediately shaken", provinces like Quebec and British Columbia, among others, were encouraged to “set up their own research programs”. funding agencies with a view to [maximizing] the likelihood of obtaining funds from Ottawa” (Bakvis 216). As for the legitimacy of cooperative federalism in Canada today, it appears that executive federalism itself is becoming largely paternalistic – at least in the EPS sense. Most often, when it comes to funding post-secondary education, the federal government has taken the initiative while “one group of leaders – those from provincial governments – was largely absent” (Bakvis 218).