Rhode Island, which is the only state, adopted a new constitution under which all white men had the right to vote. Tocqueville, a French writer, identified democracy as an essential attribute of American freedom, but democracy was limited. Blacks and women still had a lower status. Despite the strengthening of democracy in the United States, black people were considered a separate group. The War of 1812 revealed that the United States was still not a truly integrated nation. “In 1815, President James Madison introduced a government-promoted plan for economic development known as the American System” (Foner P286). This plan relies on a new national bank, tariffs and federal funding for better roads and canals. However, the Bank of the United States did not effectively regulate currency and lending. The Panic of 1819 disrupted the political harmony of previous years. Fearing that Spain would attempt to reconquer its colonies, Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine in 1832. It reflected American nationalism, but "sectionalism seemed to govern domestic politics" (Foner P291. Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have national appeal, but none of the four candidates received a majority of the electoral votes Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams and helped him win the vote in the era of..