After the National Party won the 1948 elections and introduced legislative measures to promote apartheid, more severe political repression emerged and led to increased organization among blacks. Before the 1940s, society was often overwhelmed by the numerous acts of rebellion committed by many black people in their daily lives; however, many black organizations refrained from any visible remonstration against the National Party government. In the 1950s through the mid-1990s, the significant shift toward new black political tactics emphasizing open protest became a driving force in the fight against apartheid. This new campaign of defiance consisted primarily of large-scale actions in which black political organizations and civic associations played a powerful role in organizing protests and creating increasing unrest. The most important were political activities; even activities that were originally non-political forms of defiance have become inadvertently politicized, such as criminal behavior prominently displayed by youth, squatter movements, and violations of pass laws. Political challenge activities included the organization of anti-apartheid parties such as the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, and the United Democratic Front, as well as the politicization of unions and civic associations; The government's constant efforts have failed to suppress these actions. Acts of resistance by black South Africans, whether political or seemingly apolitical, ultimately united them in a massive struggle against racial oppression that ultimately destroyed apartheid. The main goal of the National Party when it came to power was to create programs to prevent the escalation of violence. the “black peril” that the Smuts government failed to suppress. Immediate...... middle of document ......Bonner, PL "Family, Crime and Political Consciousness." Journal of South African Studies 14.3 (1988): 393-420. Print.Bonner, Phillip L. "The Politics of Black Squatter Movements on the Rand, 1944-1952." Radical History Review 46.7 (1990): 89-115. Print.Lembede, AM “Some basic principles of African nationalism.” Document Inyaniso 51 (1945): 314-18. Print.Marks, Shula and Stanley Trapido. “South Africa since 1976: a historical perspective.” South Africa: No Looking Back (1988): 1-45. Print."Sharpeville Massacre -- Sharpeville Massacre of March 21, 1960 -- Preparation for the Massacre." African History - Explore the history of Africa. Internet. April 7, 2015..South Africa: defeat apartheid. Internet. April 7 2015. .